QUESTION: Is there a banking crisis?
ANSWER: Let's set the record straight: The banking industry – traditional federally insured, federally regulated depository institutions which include your local commercial bank, thrift or savings bank -- is safe and sound.  And your account in commercial banks, thrifts and savings banks carry FDIC insurance.

QUESTION: How do we know that?
ANSWER: Federally regulated banks are required to employ underwriting practices to avoid losses and to promote safe and sound operations. And when they do not operate appropriately, their regulators, who visit them annually, will take exception to such practices and require corrective action.

QUESTION: Who regulates banks?
ANSWER: That depends on the bank's charter. There are four federal regulators – the Federal Reserve Board; the Comptroller of the Currency; the Office of Thrift Supervision; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The FDIC also insures deposits in its member banks up to $100,000 for regular accounts and up to $250,000 for retirement accounts. That insurance applies to accounts in FDIC member banks that are commercial banks, thrifts and savings banks.
Update: On October 3, 2008, FDIC deposit insurance temporarily increased from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor through 
December 31, 2009.

QUESTION: But I'm hearing and seeing so much news that keeps talking about the "banking" crisis. What gives?
ANSWER: The problem is that words matter. And when one word is used to mean several different things, it inevitably creates confusion. For example, we know what a bank is. But sometimes a business that wants to add status to its name will call itself a "bank" even though it is not an insured depository institution—such as a commercial bank, thrift or savings bank.

Bear Stearns, the investment house headquartered in New York City, was not a commercial bank. It was an investment "bank."

The word "bank" is also applied to mortgage firms. Their function, their purpose and their regulation differ from federally insured depository institutions.  And in this time of market turmoil, it is worthwhile remembering that only commercial banks, thrifts and savings banks carry FDIC insurance.

QUESTION: Market turmoil makes me nervous.  What's the banking system – the federally regulated banks you mentioned – doing about it?
ANSWER: They are providing stability. Having a safe and sound banking system to rely on shows the importance of the role banks play in our local communities and in our nation's economy. They are the source of stability and of growth. That is true regardless of their asset size, their charter or their business plan.  And the vast majority of federally regulated, federally insured banks today hold more capital than the law requires.

QUESTION: So, how did those other institutions get in trouble?
ANSWER: Today's crisis underscores the fact that there are two ways financial institutions can fail. They can fail due to lack of capital.  Capital is the stockholder's investment in the bank and functions as a buffer for loan and securities losses. Or they can fail due to a lack of liquidity -- usually referred to as a "run on the bank" where the bank does not have enough liquid assets or lines of credit to meet depositors' demands for cash or cashiers checks.  What many banks are experiencing now is a lack of liquidity precipitated by a lack of consumer confidence rather than a lack of capital.  Capital remains strong for commercial and investment banks alike.

The recent problems in the investment banking industry, i.e., the Bear Stearns situation, resulted from a lack of confidence by consumers and the markets in general.  This lack of confidence turned into a liquidity crunch which then usually results in the insolvency and/or sale of the investment bank.

QUESTION: What's being done to help those other institutions, and to help the economy?
ANSWER: We all know that our financial system is being tested. But let us also remember that the system is showing its resiliency.  Let me give you some examples:

• The Federal Reserve Board has acted to help restore liquidity by assuring everyone that they are responding to the problems in a measured way. The Fed's action in regard to Bear Stearns is one example.  In addition, the Fed opened up its lending facility known as the discount window to Wall Street firms, and is taking steps to restore liquidity to the markets.
• In addition, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight has reduced the capital surcharge imposed on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac so they can buy an additional home mortgages.
• And the Federal Housing Finance Board will allow the nation's 12 Federal Home Loan Banks to provide greater liquidity in the mortgage markets.

QUESTION: I keep seeing headlines and hearing news reports that repeat the word "crisis" – the "subprime crisis."
ANSWER: Keep in mind that those reports overlook the fact that the subprime lending crisis was caused by unregulated brokers and Wall Street institutions themselves, sometimes using the title "bank," and not by regulated, insured banks.

Our banking system is strong. This crisis will pass, as have all the others, and the result will be a stronger financial system with fewer unregulated players and a reminder that liquidity and capital are both important to solvency.